Antarctica is a special place for observing the sky and studying particles coming from space. The Concordia Station, thanks to its altitude, extremely low humidity due to low temperatures, stable environmental conditions, lack of light pollution and radio frequency...

The Ross Sea is a crucial region for the Earth’s climate. Here, cold, salty waters formed along the Antarctic continental shelf generate about 25% of the dense water masses that sink to ocean depths and drive global circulation, regulating heat distribution in the...

Climate is the set of atmospheric and environmental conditions characterizing a given geographic area over long periods. Climate change is a significant modification occurring at different scales: local, regional, global. It is known that in the past, climate has...

Antarctica is the most remote, coldest, and windiest continent on Earth. Still largely unexplored, it is a unique environment and considered the planet’s “largest natural laboratory.” Scientific research is the main reason for human presence and requires significant...

EnginesThe Sun heats the Earth much more at the equator, where its rays are nearly perpendicular, and less at high latitudes, where the rays are increasingly slanted.The atmosphere and oceans transport and redistribute this heat. Cold, dense air masses from the poles...

Antarctica is the only continent not belonging to any country and has never known war. Its management is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty, which recognizes its status as a natural reserve dedicated to peace and science and suspends, without canceling, all territorial...

Long before the Antarctic continent was discovered, the presence of an unknown southern land, Terra Australis, was hypothesized by Aristotle in the 4th century BC, who thought it necessary to "balance the landmasses of the northern hemisphere." In the 2nd century AD,...

The Antarctic continent and its seas are inhabited by organisms adapted to extreme conditions. Examples of perfect adaptation are found among microorganisms that can live inside rocks (endolithism), in subglacial lakes or hypersaline waters, or trapped in ice....

Antarctica is the coldest area on the planet. The Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica extends to the subtropical front, where fresher, colder subantarctic waters meet saltier, warmer subtropical waters. The interaction zone is marked by the Antarctic Circumpolar...

Antarctica is one of the least known places on Earth. Only 2% of its surface is exposed and accessible; the remaining 98% is covered by a thick ice sheet. In these limited ice-free areas, geologists have identified and mapped outcropping rocks and their geometric and...

Antarctica is the most remote and inhospitable continent on Earth, but also one of the most fascinating. Nearly circular in shape, with the large inlets of the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea covered by vast ice shelves, Antarctica is the fifth largest of the seven...